Abstract: Background: steroids and their nuclear receptors including androgen receptor (AR) play significant role in the development and maintenance of normal function of human breast. AR is also expressed in 70-90% of invasive breast cancers and could be utilized as a prognostic indicator and a target for hormonal therapy. Aim of the work: the aim of the present work was to evaluate the expression of AR in the normal tissue of the four quadrants of the female breast and invasive duct carcinoma and to compare the androgen receptor expression in the primary tumor and the adjacent non-neoplastic (normal) tissue of the affected breast quadrant. Material and methods: a total of 50 pathological specimens of female breast were studied in this work. For all specimens, clinical parameters such as: age of the patient, breast quadrant affected by the tumor, size of the tumor and axillary lymph nodes status were obtained from the patients’ records. Tissue samples from each breast quadrant as well as separate samples from the tumor were obtained from each mastectomy specimen, and prepared for histological examination (haematoxylin and eosin and Masson’s trichrome stains) as well as immunohistochemical staining for AR. Results: the upper outer quadrant showed the highest mean area percentage of both collagen fibers and AR expression while the tumor presented higher area percentage than any of the four quadrants regarding both collagen fibers and AR expression. Statistically significant negative correlations were found between tumor AR expression and clinicopathological parameters. Conclusion: AR is expressed in both normal breast tissue and invasive duct carcinoma. AR expression in invasive tumors could be associated with better prognosis and survival and could be used as a therapeutic target in hormonal treatment of breast carcinoma. Keywords:breast, carcinoma, androgen receptor, Immunohistochemical.

Abstract: Nowadays, herbal drugs are gaining popularity in the treatment of diabetes and its complications. The current study aims to evaluate the significance of supplementation of Olive leaves extract (OLE) of Oleaeuropaeaplant as an antioxidant in reducing the metabolic abnormalities in diabetic male albino rats. Thirty male albino rats were divided equally into three groups including control, diabetic and diabetic under OLE treatment. Diabetic rats were administered OLE orally twice daily for 30 days. At the end of the experimental period, levels of serum insulin and glucose in addition to lipids pattern such as total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), high density lipoproteins (HDL), low density lipoproteins (LDL), and very low density lipoproteins(VLDL) and renal markers were determined biochemically in sera of control and experimental groups. Also, values of homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) were calculated for each group. Diabetic rats showed marked decline in levels of serum insulin accompanied with marked elevation in levels of fasting blood glucose and values of HOMA_IR as compared to the corresponding controls. All the estimated parameters of renal function were elevated in a significant manner (P<0.01) in diabetic rats relative to the corresponding controls.In addition, diabetic rats showed marked increase in serumTC, TG, LDL, VLDL accompanied with marked decline in HDL relative to the corresponding controls. Supplementation of diabetic rats with OLE significantly ameliorated most the estimated biochemical parameters.These results demonstrate that OLE have an important role in inhibiting hyperglycemia and ameliorating metabolic abnormalities induced by diabetes through its antioxidant advantage. Keywords: Diabetes, lipids, insulin resistance, olive leaves extract, antioxidant.

Abstract: The endocannabinoid system plays an important role in adipogenesis and modulates metabolic pathways through the actions of cannabinoid one (CB-1) receptors. However, its role in cardiometabolic risk and type 2 diabetes mellitus remains unclear. This study aimed to investigate and clarify the role of cannabinoid one (CB-1) receptors in type 2 Diabetes mellitus rats and whether their modulation through moderate exercise could affect the associated cardiometabolic risk factors. Sixty adult albino male rats were divided into: control, obese and diabetic groups, each was subdivided into non exercised and exercised groups. Diabetes was induced by high fat diet and a single I.P dose of Streptozotocin (35mg/kg b.wt), exercise was performed by swimming 1 hour/day 5 days/ week for 4 weeks. Serum cardiometabolic risk factors (glucose, lipid profile, C –reactive protein (CRP), insulin, HOMA and adiponectin) levels were determined. CB-1 receptors levels were assayed in Brain, liver and adipose tissues. Exercised groups demonstrated a significant decrease in all cardiometabolic risk factors. A significant increase was detected in brain CB-1 receptors while, a significant decrease was obtained in both liver and adipose tissue receptors levels in exercised as compared to non exercised groups. In both diabetic groups, a significant positive correlation was detected between liver, adipose tissue CB-1 receptors and all cardiometabolic risk factors. Furthermore, a negative correlations was noticed with HDL-C and adiponectin only. However, brain CB-1 receptor were negatively associated with the most of cardiometabolic risk factors significantly in both diabetic groups. Data of the present work indicate the role of CB-1 receptors in the pathophysiology of diabetes mellitus and modulation of cardiometabolic risk factors. This suggest that targeting CB-1 receptors could be a new therapeutic approach to counteract diabetes and the associated cardiometabolic risk. Keywords: Cannabinoid receptors, cardiometabolic risk, diabetes mellitus, adiponectin.

Abstract: In this study, the impact, vulnerability and adaptation of climate change on wheat production and water requirements in North delta of Egypt were analyzed. Empirical models were used to predict wheat productivity under current temperature and with a raise in temperature by 1.5ْ C and by 3.6ْ C. CERES-wheat model embedded in the Decision Support System for Agrotechnology Transfer (DSSAT4.5) model was used for the crop simulation with current and possible future management practices. Impacts on crop productivity were assessed according to future conditions derived from GCMs/MAGICC/SCENGEN scenarios. The calibration and validation test was carried out in this study. Simulation of wheat productivity was carried out for thirty years in North delta under normal weather and climate change conditions. The response of wheat crop production to different sowing dates, crop varieties and irrigation amounts under climate change conditions were studied. The results revealed that, the two climate change scenarios considered resulted in simulated decrease in wheat yield. At the same time, water consumptive use increased as a result of increasing temperature compared to the current water consumptive use. On the other hand, results of adaptation options indicate that, planting Giza-168 cultivar and sowing between 10th to 20th of December in North delta(Sakha) to reduce unfavorable effects of climate change on wheat production under climate future. Also, adding 400 mm/season as irrigation water quantity could be recommended as away to conserve irrigation water without clear reduction in wheat yield. Keywords: adaptation, simulation models, vulnerability, warming.

Abstract: Potentiometric studies were carried out on Serine and L-asparagin complexes with Cd+2, pb +2. IR were used to identify the structure of the studied complexes. The ∆H, ∆S, ∆G and stability constants were determined for the prepared complex . The results showed that the ligands (Asparagin and Seraine) have protonation is endothermic, non-spontaneous and increases on heating but with (Pb- Asparagin , Pb-Seraine and Cd- Asparagin complexes) the dissociation is exothermic, spontaneous at low T and decreases on heating , but in the case Cd- Seraine the dissociation is endothermic, non-Spontaneous and increases on heating. All the stability constants in the order of Cd2+ < Pb2+. Keywords: Potentiometric studies and preparation of complexes.

Abstract: A field experiment was carried out during the two summer seasons of 2012 and 2013 at El- Areish Research Station, North Sinai Governorate, Egypt, (lat. 31.05 and long. 33.50) to study the effect of different rates of compost i.e. 0, 2 and 4 ton fed-1 combined with foliar application of ascorbic acid at different rates (0, 0.2, 0.4 and 0.6 g L-1) on growth, yield, its components and nutritional status of sunflower plants variety Sakha 1. Results could be summarized as follows: increasing the addition of compost up to 4 t fed-1 or ascorbic acid concentration up to 0.6 g L-1 increased significantly values of plant height, plant dry matter, chlorophyll A, B and A+B content at 90 days from planting as well as the head diameter, seed yield/ plant, 1000 seed weight and seed yield (t fed-1) of sunflower plant at harvest time 120 days from planting. Also, N, P, K and oil percentage of sunflower seeds with compared to control treatment (without addition of compost) in both seasons. Generally, the results in most cases, demonstrate that the all parameters increased significantly by using the high concentration of ascorbic acid 0.6 g L-1 combined with higher rates from compost 4 t fed-1 in both seasons. Keywords: Effect, compost, foliar application, nutritional status, sunflower, plants, saline water.

Abstract: Nowadays, herbal drugs are gaining popularity in the treatment of diabetes and its complications. The current study aims to evaluate the significance of supplementation of Olive leaves extract (OLE) of Oleaeuropaeaplant as an antioxidant in reducing the metabolic abnormalities in diabetic male albino rats. Thirty male albino rats were divided equally into three groups including control, diabetic and diabetic under OLE treatment. Diabetic rats were administered OLE orally twice daily for 30 days. At the end of the experimental period, levels of serum insulin and glucose in addition to lipids pattern such as total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), high density lipoproteins (HDL), low density lipoproteins (LDL), and very low density lipoproteins(VLDL) and renal markers were determined biochemically in sera of control and experimental groups. Also, values of homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) were calculated for each group. Diabetic rats showed marked decline in levels of serum insulin accompanied with marked elevation in levels of fasting blood glucose and values of HOMA_IR as compared to the corresponding controls. All the estimated parameters of renal function were elevated in a significant manner (P<0.01) in diabetic rats relative to the corresponding controls.In addition, diabetic rats showed marked increase in serumTC, TG, LDL, VLDL accompanied with marked decline in HDL relative to the corresponding controls. Supplementation of diabetic rats with OLE significantly ameliorated most the estimated biochemical parameters.These results demonstrate that OLE have an important role in inhibiting hyperglycemia and ameliorating metabolic abnormalities induced by diabetes through its antioxidant advantage. Keywords: Diabetes, lipids, insulin resistance, olive leaves extract, antioxidant.